 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Swedish on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Swedish in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ? ?, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The chart below shows how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Swedish pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
The Sweden pronunciation is based primarily on Central Standard Swedish, and the Finland one on Helsinki pronunciation. Recordings and example transcriptions in this help are in Sweden Swedish, unless otherwise noted.
See Swedish phonology and Swedish alphabet § Sound–spelling correspondences for a more thorough look at the sounds of Swedish.
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Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e In many of the dialects that have an apical rhotic consonant, a recursive sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realisations: [?], [?], [?], [?], [?]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern Swedish, they are [?d], [?l], [?n], [?s], [?t]. In Finland Swedish, retroflexion might only occur in some varieties, especially among young speakers and in fast speech.
- ^ Sweden Swedish /?/ varies regionally and is sometimes [x?], [??], or [?].
- ^ /r/ varies considerably in different dialects: it is pronounced alveolar or similarly (a trilled r when articulated clearly or in slow or formal speech; in normal speech, usually a tapped r or an alveolar approximant) in virtually all dialects (most consistently [r] in Finland), but in South Swedish dialects, it is uvular, similar to the Parisian French r. At the beginning of a syllable, it can also be pronounced as a fricative [?], similar to in English genre or vision.
- ^ a b c d Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: the unrounded vowels /?/ and /??/ are lowered to [?] and [??] (except certain instances of unstressed /?/), whereas the rounded /?/ ([??]) and /??/ are lowered to open-mid [?] and [??]. For simplicity, no distinction is made between the mid [??] and the open-mid [?], with both being transcribed as ???. Note that younger speakers use lower allophones [?] (which they tend to merge with /?/ into [?]) and [??].
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m In Sweden, [?, o?, ?, ??, ??, ?, y?] are protruded vowels, while [?, ?, ??, ?, u?] are compressed. Instead, [?, ??, ?, ??, ?, ??, y, y?] are compressed, while only [o, o?, u, u?] are protruded in Finland. This makes Finland Swedish [y] and [y?] sound closer to Sweden Swedish [?] and [??], which are also fronted, rather than to their respective counterparts.
- ^ a b [?] and [?] are the Sweden Swedish unstressed allophones of a single phoneme /?/ (stressed /?/ is always realized as [?]):
- [?] is used in all closed syllables (as in kultur ?) but also in some open syllables, as in musikal [m?s??kɑ?l]. Some cases involve resyllabification caused by retroflexion, which makes the syllable open, as in kurtisan [k????sɑ?n].
- [?] appears only in open syllables. In some cases, [?] is the only possible realization, as in k?nguru [??????ɡ?r?], or when /?/ appears in hiatus, as in duell [d???l?].
- In other cases, [?] is in free variation with [?] so musik can be pronounced as ? or [m??si?k] (Riad 2014:28–9). For simplicity, only ??? will be used.
- ^ a b The distinction between compressed [?] and protruded [?] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- ^ a b The distinction between compressed [??] and protruded [y?] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- ^ a b Finland Swedish, as well as a few accents of Mainland Sweden, have a simple primary stress (transcribed as ???) rather than a contrastive pitch accent. In such accents, a word like anden is always pronounced as [?ɑn?den] regardless of its meaning. The variety of Swedish spoken in ?land usually resembles phonetically speaking the dialects of the Uppland area rather than other Finland Swedish varieties, but the pitch accent is still largely missing.
- ^ Consonants always tend to geminate after a stressed short vowel in Sweden Swedish. In Finland, this is not always true and between vowels usually only happens when the short vowel is followed by an orthographic geminate.
Bibliography
edit- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Hedelin, Per; Elert, Claes-Christian (1997), Norstedts svenska uttalslexikon, Norstedts, ISBN 91-1-971122-0
- Reuter, Mikael (1971), "Vokalerna i finlandssvenska: En instrumentell analys och ett f?rs?k till systematisering enligt s?rdrag" (PDF), Studier i nordisk filologi (in Swedish), 46, Svenska litteraturs?llskapet i Finland: 240–249
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
See also
edit- Category:Pages with Swedish IPA (1,690)